Kang bed-stove
The kang (Chinese: 炕; pinyin: kàng; Manchu: Nahan1.png nahan, Kazakh: кән) is a traditional heated platform, 2 metres or more long, used for general living, working, entertaining and sleeping in the northern part of China, where the winter climate is cold. It is made of bricks or other forms of fired clay and more recently of concrete in some locations. The word kang means "to dry".
History
The kang is said to be derived from the heated bed floor called a huoqiang found in Neolithic China, according to archeological excavations of building remains in Banpo Xi"an. Sites in Shenyang, Liaoning, show humans using the heated bed floor as early as 7,200 years ago.[2][3] The bed at this excavation is made of 10 cm pounded clay on the floor. The bed was heated by zhidi, placing an open fire on the bed floor and clearing the ashes before sleeping. In the excavated example the repeated burning is believed to have turned the bed surface hard and moisture resistant.
The first known heated platform appeared in what is now Northeastern China and used a single flue system like the Roman hypocaust and the Korean ondol.[3] An example was unearthed among 1st-century building remains in Heilongjiang Province. Its flue is "L" shaped, built from adobe and cobblestones and covered with stone slabs.
Heated walls with a double flue system were found in a 4th-century palace building in Jilin Province. It had an "L" shaped adobe bench with a double flue system. The structure is more complex than a single flue system and has functionality similar to a kang.
Literary evidence from Li Daoyuan"s Commentary on the Water Classic also gives evidence of heated floors during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD), though this was not explicitly named a dikang:[1]
In Guanji Temple [near the present day Fengrun in Hebei province], there is a grand lecture hall. It is very high and wide to accommodate a thousand monks. The platform of the hall was constructed with stones arranged as a network of channels, and the floor was finished with a coat of clay. Fires are set at outdoor openings at the four sides of the platform, while the heat flows inwards warming the entire hall. The construction was established by a benefactor (or benefactors) to enable the monks to study in cold winters.
The kang may have evolved to its bed design due to ongoing cultural changes during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, as high furniture and chairs came to be prevalent over the earlier style of floor-sitting and low-lying furniture in Chinese culture.[1] The earliest kang remains have been discovered at Ninghai, Heilongjiang Province, in the Longquanfu Palace (699-926) of Balhae origin.
歴史盗みが判明したホットカーペット民族さんｗｗｗｗｗｗｗｗ
