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문재인, TIME 인터뷰, 우리의 주적은 일본.

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Can He Save World From War? 

문재인, 전쟁으로부터 세계를 구할까? 

http://time.com/4745910/south-korea-elections-moon-jae-in/?xid=homepage

전문과 번역본을 공유합니다. 

TIME Exclusive: South Korean Presidential Hopeful Moon Jae-in Says He Can Work with Trump

On May 9 South Korea will elect a new President, as tensions with dysfunctional neighbor North Korea reach fever pitch. On Apr. 16, Pyongyang attempted another weapons test in its quest to develop a nuclear-armed ballistic missile capable of hitting the U.S. mainland. Though that launch failed, North Korean Vice-Foreign Minister Han Song Ryol told the BBC this week that more tests would continue on a “weekly, monthly and yearly basis.”

U.S. President Donald Trump says Pyongyang has “gotta behave.” Following a visit to the Korean DMZ on Sunday, U.S. Vice-President Mike Pence said, “North Korea would do well not to test [Trump’s] resolve or the strength of the armed forces of the United States in this region.” U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson had previously said that a preemptive military strike remains “on the table.”

The South Korean presidential front-runner is Moon Jae-in, a civil-rights lawyer who was a former legislator and onetime presidential chief of staff. Moon lost narrowly in 2012 but currently leads a field of five candidates in which his nearest rival is the more conservative Ahn Cheol-soo, a tech entrepreneur. On Apr. 15 TIME sat down with Moon, 64, to discuss how he would deal with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un and avoid a full-scale nuclear war. TIME talked with Moon through an interpreter.

Here are translated excerpts:

Trump has said that the U.S. will go it alone on North Korea if Washington does not get cooperation from China. Meanwhile, the North Korean government has said that it will retaliate if attacked. Tensions are very high. Is a terrible war going to break out on the Korean peninsula?

기자: 트럼프는 중국이 북한에 관련하여 협력하지 않는다면 미국 독자적으로 입장을 취할 것이라 말했다. 한편, 북한 정부는 만약 공격을 당한다면 보복에 나설 것이라 말했다. 긴장이 고조되고 있다. 한반도에서 끔찍한 전쟁이 발발할 것인가? 

South Korea and the U.S. are aligned. The first thing that should be done is to stop the North’s further provocations. I don’t think the U.S. plans to make a preemptive strike against the North. Any decision by the U.S. should be made in close consultation with South Korea, its ally. If the U.S. makes a preemptive strike against the North, there is a chance of the North striking back against the South. If that happens, South Korea will suffer, not the U.S. But that will also cause damage to U.S. troops based in South Korea and to many American citizens living in South Korea. Human history shows that, even if not intended, an accidental clash can result in war.

문재인: 한국과 미국은 동맹관계이다. 가장 먼저 해야 할 일은 북한의 추가 도발 행위를 막는 것이다. 나는 미국이 북한에 선제 공격을 가할 것이라고 생각하지 않는다. 미국이 어떠한 결정을 내리든 미국의 동맹국인 한국과 긴밀한 협의 하에 이루어져야 한다. 만약 미국이 북한에 선제 공격을 가한다면, 북한이 한국에 반격할 가능성이 크다. 만약 그렇게 된다면 미국이 아니라 한국이 가장 큰 피해를 받을 것이고, 국내 주둔하는 미군도 피해를 받을 것이며 많은 국내 미국인도 피해를 입을 것이다. 인간의 역사는 비록 의도되지 않았더라도, 우발적인 충돌이 전쟁을 초래할 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.

North Korean officials and Chinese state media have indicated that Trump’s actions are essentially reckless and contributing to the tensions. Do you agree? What is your message to the leaders of the U.S. and China in terms of how to deal with North Korea?

기자: 북한 당국자들과 중국 관영 언론은 트럼프의 행동이 본질적으로 무모하고 긴장감에 기여하고 있다고 시사했다. 동의하는가. 북한을 다루는 방법에 관해 미국과 중국의 지도자들에게 어떤 메시지를 전달하겠는가.

If the North continues with its nuclear provocations, it’s natural that South Korea and the U.S. will impose stronger sanctions against North Korea. But we need deft crisis management skills to ensure that rising tensions do not lead to war. To North Korea, we must send an unequivocal message that their determination to strengthen their nuclear capability does not help them maintain their regime but jeopardizes it … To China, we must make it clear that if they fail to rein in the North, sanctions against the North will be stepped up and the deployment of [U.S. missile defense system] THAAD will be inevitable for us.

문재인: 북한이 핵 도발을 계속한다면 한국과 미국이 북한에 대해 더 강력한 제재를 가하는 것도 고려해야 할 것이다. 그러나 우리는 고조되는 긴장감이 전쟁으로 이어지지 않도록 하기 위해 능숙한 위기 관리 기술이 필요하다. 북한 측으로는 그들이 갖고 있는 핵무기를 고도화가 정권 유지에 도움이 되는 것이 아니라 위험에 처하게 한다는 단호한 메시지를 보내야 한다. 중국에게는 그들이 북한을 통제하지 못한다면 북한에 대한 제재 조치가 증가할 것이며 한국의 사드 배치는 불가피할 것이라는 점을 분명히 해야 한다.

If you were elected president, what specific steps would you take to reduce tensions on the Korean peninsula?

기자: 만약 당신이 대통령에 당선된다면, 한반도의 긴장을 줄이기 위해 어떤 구체적인 조치를 취하겠는가.

The ultimate goal is to get the North to the negotiating table to ensure the dismantlement of the nuclear weapons. So the first stage would be, while strengthening sanctions and pressure against the North, to bring them to the negotiating table. The second step is to have the North agree to a nuclear freeze, to discontinue its nuclear provocations and missile tests. And the last is dismantlement of the North’s nuclear weapons program.

문재인: 궁극적인 목표는 북한이 핵무기를 폐기할 수 있도록 협상 테이블에 끌어 들이는 것이다. 첫번째 단계는 북한에 대한 제재와 압박을 강화하는 동시에 그들을 협상 테이블로 끌어내는 것입니다. 두번째 단계는 북한이 핵 동결과 미사일 시험 발사를 중단하기 위해 핵 동결에 합의하도록 하는 것이다. 그리고 마지막으로 북한의 핵무기 계획을 완전 폐기하는 것이다.

Over the years many tactics have been tried with North Korea, including dialogue, the Six-Party Talks. and sanctions. But nothing has stopped North Korea’s nuclear program. Is it even possible to persuade Pyongyang to stop developing nuclear weapons?

기자: 수년 간 북한을 상대로 많은 시도가 있어왔다. 직접적 대화, 6자 회담, 경제 제재 조치 등이다. 하지만 이들 모두 북한의 핵 개발 계획을 중단시키지 못했다. 북한이 핵무기 개발을 중단하도록 설득하는 것이 가능하기는 하다고 보는가.

The containment strategy pursued by the two conservative administrations of [former South Korean presidents] Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye and the “strategic patience” of the Obama administration were a complete failure. Things were different under the administrations of [earlier South Korean presidents] Kim Jae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun. Then, there was significant progress in inter-Korean relations, without the fear of another war between the two Koreas. To dismantle the North’s nuclear weapons program, the Six-Party Talks, a multilateral framework, was put in place. We even made a comprehensive agreement between the North and the South: the Sept. 19 Joint Declaration referred to the full dismantlement of North Korean nuclear weapons, having a peace treaty, and even normalization [of relations] between the U.S. and the North. The North even blew up the cooling tower of its nuclear reactor. That all stopped after the Lee Myung-bak administration took office. I know the North’s nuclear capability is more advanced now, but the same step-by-step approach is still workable.

문재인: 이명박과 박근혜 두 보수 정권에서 추진되었던 억제(containment) 전략과 오바마 행정부의“전략적 인내”는 완전한 실패였다. 그 이전에 있었던 김대중과 노무현 정권에서는 상황이 달랐다. 당시 남북간에는 전쟁을 두려워하지 않는 상황에서 중대한 진전이 있어왔다. 북한의 핵무기 개발 계획을 폐기하기 위해 다자간 협의체인 6자 회담이 열렸다. 또한 우리는 남북 사이의 포괄적인 합의를 도출했다. <9>는 북한 핵무기의 완전한 해체와 평화 조약 체결, 더 나아가 북한과 미국 사이의 관계 정상화까지 언급되었다. 심지어 북한 측에서는 핵 융합로의 냉각탑을 없애는 조치를 취하기도 했다. 하지만 이명박 정부가 집권하고 이 모든 것이 중지되었다. 나는 북한의 핵 능력이 이제 더 선진화되어 있다는 것을 안다. 하지만 동일한 단계별 접근(“step-by-step”) 방법은 여전히 실행 가능하다.

What is your sense of Kim Jong Un? Is he irrational, as some say? Do you think he would agree to talk?

기자: 김정은의 속뜻이 무엇이라 생각하는가. 그는 일부 사람이 말하듯 비이성적인가. 아니면 그가 대화에 나설 것으로 보는가? 

Kim Jong Un is a very irrational and oppressive leader. But the same goes for his predecessors. The regime itself is irrational, and incomprehensible by international standards — it is a third-generation dictatorship. We face a daunting challenge.

문재인: 김정은은 매우 비이성적이고 강압적인 지도자이다. 그러나 그의 전임자들 역시 마찬가지였다. 정권 자체가 비이성적이며 국제적 기준으로는 이해할 수 없다. 3세대 세습 독재 정권이다. 우리는 어려운 도전에 직면해 있다.

You say that you want to negotiate with the regime and make them see reason. But you say the regime is irrational. Isn’t there a contradiction here?

기자: 당신은 그런 김정은 정권과 협상하고 싶다고 말하고 그들을 납득시키고자 한다고 말한다. 하지만 동시에 정권이 비이성적이라고 말한다. 모순된 바가 있지 않은가.

Even if Kim is an irrational leader, we have to accept the reality that he rules North Korea. So we have to talk with him. If Kim wants the security of the North Korean system and regime, we have to convince him that nuclear dismantlement actually achieves those goals. The U.S. must make diplomatic efforts with the North, and demand that China apply pressure on North Korea.

문재인: 김정은이 비이성적인 지도자라도 우리는 그가 북한을 통치하는 현실을 받아들여야만 한다. 그러니 우리는 그와 대화에 나서야 한다. 김정은이 북한 체제와 정권의 안보를 원한다면 우리는 핵 폐기가 그런 목표에 부합한다고 설득해야 한다. 미국은 북한과 외교적 노력을 해야 하며, 중국이 북한에 압력을 가하도록 요구해야 한다.

If you are elected president, would you be willing to go to Pyongyang for a summit? And would you go to Washington to say to Trump: “Talk to the North Koreans”?

기자: 만약 대통령에 당선된다면, 정상 회담을 위해 평양에 갈 의향이 있는가. 혹은 워싱턴에 가서 트럼프 대통령에게 "북한 사람들과 대화하라”고 주문하겠는가.

If elected, I will visit Washington shortly after taking office to discuss with President Trump how to get the North to fully dismantle its nuclear weapons program. I am willing to meet Kim Jong Un so long as that helps us resolve the North Korea nuclear issue. But I am not interested in having a meeting for the sake of having a meeting. I will meet him when there is a guarantee that there would be visible results such as freezing or dismantling the nuclear weapons program … We can explore meetings between the U.S. and the North, and between the South and the North in parallel. We can resume dialogue, be they four-way talks or six-party talks. But, if elected President, I will not act unilaterally to have dialogue with the North without prior consultation with the U.S.

문재인: 만약 당선된다면 곧바로 미국을 방문해서 북한이 핵무기 프로그램을 완전히 해체하는 방법을 논의하기 위해 트럼프 대통령과 사전 논의할 것이다. 북한 핵문제를 해결하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다면 김정은 국방 위원장을 만날 용의가 있다. 하지만 단순히 보여주기 식 회담은(“a meeting for the sake of having a meeting”) 원치 않는다. 핵무기 프로그램 동결이나 해체 등과 같은 가시적인 결과가 나올 수 있다는 보장이 있으면 만날 용의가 있다. 미국과 북한을 포함한 만남 또는 남북간의 만남을 병행해서 추진할 수 있다. 4자가 되든 6자가 되든 대화를 재개할 수도 있다. 당선 된다면 미국 측과 사전 협의 없이 북한과 일방적으로 대화하지는 않을 것이다.

There is a new president in the White House who is very different from the last president, and who has been saying some aggressive things about North Korea. Do you think you could work with Trump? 

기자: 백악관에 새로 온 대통령이 있고, 북한에 대해 공격적인 발언을 해온 대통령이 있다. 당신은 트럼프와 함께 일할 수 있다고 생각하나요?

President Trump occasionally makes aggressive pronouncements about the North, but I recall him once saying that he can talk with Kim Jong Un over a hamburger. President Trump is also critical of the previous policy of strategic patience of former U.S. administrations, calling it a failure as it failed to change North Korea. I believe President Trump has a pragmatic view. In that sense, I believe we will be able to share more ideas, talk better, and reach agreements without difficulty.

문재인: 트럼프는 가끔 북한에 대해 공격적인 태도를 보이지만, 나는 그가 김정은과 함께 햄버거를 먹을 수 있다고 말한 적이 있음을 기억한다. 대통령 트럼프 또한 전 미국의 행정부의 전략적 인내가 별다른 효과를 보지 못했음을 지적했다. 나는 트럼프 대통령이 실용주의적 견해를 가지고 있다고 믿는다. 그런 점에서, 우리는 더 많은 아이디어를 공유하고, 더 나은 대화를 나누며, 어려움 없이 합의에 도달할 수 있을 것이라 믿는다.

Young people in Korea today do not feel much affinity with the North. They are less in favor of reunification than the older generation. Do you feel that if you don’t get things right, reunification may never happen?

기자: 오늘날 한국의 젊은이들은 북한과 그다지 우호적이지 않다. 그들은 나이 든 세대와 비교해 통일에 찬성하지 않는 편이다. 만약 당신이 제대로 대응하지 않으면 통일이 결코 실현되지 않을 것이라고 느끼는가.

It is not that they are less enthusiastic about reunification. Rather, they have more immediate challenges, like finding a job. On top of that, the two [previous] conservative administrations pursued a different strategy. They pursued reunification by absorption, assuming that the North would collapse quickly. Under that scenario, there is a cost issue. Young people are concerned about the cost they might have to shoulder. That’s why they seem less in favor of reunification. The only way to reduce the cost of reunification is to achieve economic reunification first through inter-Korean economic cooperation, then later, ultimately, legal and political reunification.

문재인: 그들이 통일에 대해 덜 열정적인 것은 아니다. 그들은 일자리를 찾는 것 등 더 시급한 당면 과제를 갖고 있을 뿐이다. 과거 두 보수 정권은 다른 전략을 추구해왔다. 그들은 북한이 빠르게 붕괴될 것을 가정하면서 흡수 통일을 추구했다. 이 시나리오에서는 비용이 문제가 된다. 젊은 사람들은 그들이 감당해야 할지 모를 비용을 걱정하는 것이다. 그들이 통일에 덜 찬성하는 것으로 보이는 이유다. 통일 비용을 줄이는 유일한 방법은 남북 경협을 통해 경제 통일을 법적 또는 정치적 통일보다 먼저 이루는 것이다.

So you don’t think North Korea will collapse?

기자: 그럼 북한이 붕괴하지 않을 것으로 보는가.

The theory of the collapse of North Korea has been there for a long while, but it hasn’t turned out to be true. Even though the North is an irrational regime, I don’t think an early collapse is likely. If it does collapse in the near future, it will send an SOS to China, not to South Korea, and it is very likely that a pro-Chinese regime will take power [in Pyongyang]. That will make reunification more difficult to achieve, even impossible. Even if we can reunite the South and the North, the costs will be unbearable for us — far greater than those Germany had to bear [following post-Soviet reunification in 1990]. That is not good for Korea. We should take the step-by-step approach of economic cooperation, then economic integration and finally full reunification.

문재인: 북한의 붕괴설은 오랫동안 존재해 왔다. 하지만 현실이 되지 않았다. 북한이 비이성적인 정권이기는 하지만 조기 붕괴가 일어날 가능성은 많지 않다고 본다. 만약 가까운 시일 내에 붕괴된다면, 북한은 한국이 아닌 중국에 SOS를 보낼 것이며, 북한 내에서 친 중국 정권이 권력을 얻을 가능성이 높다. 이 경우 통일은 더욱 힘들어 질 것이다. 심지어 불가능할 수도 있다. 남북한을 통일시킬 수 있다 하더라도 심각한 비용을 치르게 될 것이다. 독일이 감당했던 것 보다 더 훨씬 많은 비용이다[1990년 post-Soviet 통일 당시]. 한국에 바람직하지 않다. 우리는 경제 협력에 대한 단계별 접근법을 취해야 하며, 경제 통합, 그리고 궁극적으로 온전한 통일을 추구해야 할 것이다.

Your father [and mother were] born in what is now North Korea. Does that influence your feelings toward reunification? How important is reunification to you personally?

기자: 당신의 아버지[그리고 어머니]는 현 북한에서 태어나셨다. 통일에 대한 당신의 감정에 영향을 미치는가. 개인적으로 통일이 얼마나 중요한 과제인가.

The North and South shared one language and one culture for thousands of years before they were divided only 70 years ago. Ultimately, we should reunite the North and the South, [we] are one people. My father fled from the North, hating communism. I myself hate the communist North Korean system. That doesn’t mean I should let the people in the North suffer under an oppressive regime. That is why we should take the path to reunification and pursue a liberal democracy in a united Korea. It has already been proven that a liberal democracy is far superior to the system in the North. South Korea is far more prosperous than the North — beyond comparison. That’s why I favor engagement with the North.

문재인: 북한과 남한은 불과 70년 전에 분단되기 전에 수천 년 동안 한 가지 언어와 문화를 공유했다. 궁극적으로 우리는 통일해야 한다. 우리는 한 민족이다. 아버지는 공산주의를 증오하며 북에서 탈출했다. 나 역시 공산주의 북한 체제를 혐오한다. 하지만 그렇다고 해서 북한 주민들이 압제 정권 하에서 고통 받도록 내버려두어야 한다는 것을 의미하지 않는다. 우리가 통일을 위한 길을 택해야 하고 통일된 한국에서 자유 민주주의를 추구해야 하는 이유이다. 자유 민주주의가 북한 체제보다 훨씬 우월하다는 것은 이미 입증되었다. 한국은 비교하기 힘들만큼 북한보다 더 부유(“prosperous”)하다. 북한과 교류를 선호하는 이유다.

What does your mother tell you about the North and her hometown? Are her memories fond?

기자: 당신의 모친은 북한과 고향에 관해 무엇을 말하는가. 모친은 [북한과 고향에 관해] 좋은 추억을 갖고 있는가.

My mother is the only one [of her family] who fled to the South. All her relatives were in the North. Her parents passed away and most of her siblings are gone. My mother is 90 years old. Time is ticking. But her younger sister is still in the North. My mother’s last wish is to see her again.

문재인: 어머니는 가족 일원 중 남쪽으로 탈출한 유일한 가족이다. 어머니의 모든 친척들은 북쪽에 있었다. 어머니의 부모님은 돌아가셨고 대부분의 형제 자매들 또한 마찬가지다. 어머니는 연세가 90세 이다. 시간이 흘러 가고 있다. 어머니의 여동생은 아직 북쪽에 있다. 어머니의 마지막 소원은 동생을 다시 만나는 것이다.

The presidency of South Korea is one of the toughest jobs in the world. Are you tough enough for it?

기자: 한국의 대통령직은 세계에서 가장 힘든 직업 중 하나다. 자신이 이를 감당할 만큼 충분히 강건(“tough”)하다고 생각하는가.

I have government experience. I was a member of the National Security Council. I oversaw the overall preparation for the [2007] Summit between the North and the South and have experience dealing with North Korea. As a lawmaker, I was a member of the National Defense Committee. I am the best-prepared candidate to overcome our current crisis of security, diplomacy and the economy, and to rebuild our nation.

문재인: 나는 국정에 참여했던 경험이 있다. 국방위(NSC)의 일원이었다. 한국과 북한 사이의 [2007년] 회담 준비를 총괄했으며 북한을 상대한 경험을 가지고 있습니다. 국회의원 시절 나는 국방위 일원이었다. 후보 중 현재 안보 위기 상황을 극복하기에 가장 적합하다고 생각한다.

You’ve said that your favorite English word is “dream.” What is your dream?

기자: 가장 좋아하는 영어 단어가 "dream"이라고 말한 바 있다. 당신의 꿈은 무엇인가.

To achieve a mature democracy, prosperity, human rights, and peace between the North and the South.

문재인: 성숙한 민주주의, 국가의 번영, 인권, 그리고 남북 간의 평화를 이루는 것이다.

원문보기

ムン・ゼイン, TIME インタビュー, 私たちの酒積は日本.

Can He Save World From War?

ムン・ゼイン, 戦争から世界を求めようか?

http://time.com/4745910/south-korea-elections-moon-jae-in/?xid=homepage

専門と翻訳本を共有します.

TIME Exclusive: South Korean Presidential Hopeful Moon Jae-in Says He Can Work with Trump

On May 9 South Korea will elect a new President, as tensions with dysfunctional neighbor North Korea reach fever pitch. On Apr. 16, Pyongyang attempted another weapons test in its quest to develop a nuclear-armed ballistic missile capable of hitting the U.S. mainland. Though that launch failed, North Korean Vice-Foreign Minister Han Song Ryol told the BBC this week that more tests would continue on a “weekly, monthly and yearly basis.”

U.S. President Donald Trump says Pyongyang has “gotta behave.” Following a visit to the Korean DMZ on Sunday, U.S. Vice-President Mike Pence said, “North Korea would do well not to test [Trump’s] resolve or the strength of the armed forces of the United States in this region.” U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson had previously said that a preemptive military strike remains “on the table.”

The South Korean presidential front-runner is Moon Jae-in, a civil-rights lawyer who was a former legislator and onetime presidential chief of staff. Moon lost narrowly in 2012 but currently leads a field of five candidates in which his nearest rival is the more conservative Ahn Cheol-soo, a tech entrepreneur. On Apr. 15 TIME sat down with Moon, 64, to discuss how he would deal with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un and avoid a full-scale nuclear war. TIME talked with Moon through an interpreter.

Here are translated excerpts:

Trump has said that the U.S. will go it alone on North Korea if Washington does not get cooperation from China. Meanwhile, the North Korean government has said that it will retaliate if attacked. Tensions are very high. Is a terrible war going to break out on the Korean peninsula?

記者: トランプは中国が北朝鮮に関して協力しなかったらアメリカ独自的に立場(入場)を取るはずと言った. 一方, 北朝鮮政府はもし攻撃にあったら仕返しに出るはずと言った. 緊張が高まっている. 韓半島で無惨な戦争が勃発しようか?

South Korea and the U.S. are aligned. The first thing that should be done is to stop the North’s further provocations. I don’t think the U.S. plans to make a preemptive strike against the North. Any decision by the U.S. should be made in close consultation with South Korea, its ally. If the U.S. makes a preemptive strike against the North, there is a chance of the North striking back against the South. If that happens, South Korea will suffer, not the U.S. But that will also cause damage to U.S. troops based in South Korea and to many American citizens living in South Korea. Human history shows that, even if not intended, an accidental clash can result in war.

ムン・ゼイン: 韓国とアメリカは同盟関係だ. 一番先にすべきことは北朝鮮の追加挑発行為を阻むのだ. 私はアメリカが北朝鮮に先制攻撃を加えると思わない. アメリカがどんな決断を出してもアメリカの同盟国である韓国と緊密な協議の下に成り立たなければならない. もしアメリカが北朝鮮に先制攻撃を加えたら, 北朝鮮が韓国に反撃する可能性が大きい. もしそのようになったらアメリカではなく韓国が最大の被害を受けるはずで, 国内駐屯する米軍も被害を受けるはずで多くの国内アメリカ人も被害を着るものだ. 人間の歴史はたとえ意図されアンアッドでも, 偶発的な衝突が戦争をもたらすことができるということを見せてくれる.

North Korean officials and Chinese state media have indicated that Trump’s actions are essentially reckless and contributing to the tensions. Do you agree? What is your message to the leaders of the U.S. and China in terms of how to deal with North Korea?

記者: 北朝鮮当局者たちと中国官営言論はトランプの行動が本質的に無謀で緊張感に寄与していると示唆した. 同意するか. 北朝鮮を扱う方法に関してアメリカと中国のリーダーたちにどんなメッセージを伝達するか.

If the North continues with its nuclear provocations, it’s natural that South Korea and the U.S. will impose stronger sanctions against North Korea. But we need deft crisis management skills to ensure that rising tensions do not lead to war. To North Korea, we must send an unequivocal message that their determination to strengthen their nuclear capability does not help them maintain their regime but jeopardizes it … To China, we must make it clear that if they fail to rein in the North, sanctions against the North will be stepped up and the deployment of [U.S. missile defense system] THAAD will be inevitable for us.

ムン・ゼイン: 北朝鮮が核挑発を続いたら韓国とアメリカが北朝鮮に対してもっと力強い制裁を加えることも考慮しなければならないでしょう. しかし私たちは高まる緊張感が戦争につながらないようにするために上手な危機管理技術が必要だ. 北朝鮮側では彼らが持っている核兵器を高度化が政権維持に役に立つのではなく危険に処するようにするという断固たるメッセージを送らなければならない. 中国には彼らが北朝鮮を統制することができなかったら北朝鮮に対する制裁措置が増加するはずで韓国のサド配置は不可避だろうという点を確かにしなければならない.

If you were elected president, what specific steps would you take to reduce tensions on the Korean peninsula?

記者: もしあなたが大統領に当選したら, 韓半島の緊張を減らすためにどんな具体的な措置を取るか.

The ultimate goal is to get the North to the negotiating table to ensure the dismantlement of the nuclear weapons. So the first stage would be, while strengthening sanctions and pressure against the North, to bring them to the negotiating table. The second step is to have the North agree to a nuclear freeze, to discontinue its nuclear provocations and missile tests. And the last is dismantlement of the North’s nuclear weapons program.

ムン・ゼイン: 窮極的な目標は北朝鮮が核兵器を廃棄するように交渉テーブルに引き入れるのだ. 一番目段階は北朝鮮に対する制裁と圧迫を強化する同時に彼らを交渉テーブルで引っ張り出すのです. 二番目段階は北朝鮮が核凍結とミサイル試験打ち上げを中断するために核凍結に合議するようにするのだ. そして最後に北朝鮮の核兵器計画を完全廃棄するのだ.

Over the years many tactics have been tried with North Korea, including dialogue, the Six-Party Talks. and sanctions. But nothing has stopped North Korea’s nuclear program. Is it even possible to persuade Pyongyang to stop developing nuclear weapons?

記者: 数年の間北朝鮮を相手で多くの試みがあって来た. 直接的対話, 6者会談, 経済制裁措置などだ. しかしこれら皆北朝鮮の核開発計画を中断させることができなかった. 北朝鮮が核兵器開発を中断するように説得するのが可能ではあると思うか.

The containment strategy pursued by the two conservative administrations of [former South Korean presidents] Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye and the “strategic patience” of the Obama administration were a complete failure. Things were different under the administrations of [earlier South Korean presidents] Kim Jae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun. Then, there was significant progress in inter-Korean relations, without the fear of another war between the two Koreas. To dismantle the North’s nuclear weapons program, the Six-Party Talks, a multilateral framework, was put in place. We even made a comprehensive agreement between the North and the South: the Sept. 19 Joint Declaration referred to the full dismantlement of North Korean nuclear weapons, having a peace treaty, and even normalization [of relations] between the U.S. and the North. The North even blew up the cooling tower of its nuclear reactor. That all stopped after the Lee Myung-bak administration took office. I know the North’s nuclear capability is more advanced now, but the same step-by-step approach is still workable.

ムン・ゼイン: 李明博とパク・グンヒェ二つの補修政権で推進された抑制(containment) 戦略とオバマ行政府の“戦略的忍耐”は完全な失敗だった. その以前にあったキム・デジュンとノ・ムヒョン政権では状況が違った. 当時南北間には戦争を恐れない状況で重大な進展があって来た. 北朝鮮の核兵器開発計画を廃棄するために多者間協議体である 6字会談が開かれた. また私たちは南北の間の包括的な合意を導出した. <9>は北朝鮮核兵器の完全な解体と平和条約締結, 一歩進んで北朝鮮とアメリカの間の関係正常化まで言及された. 甚だしくは北朝鮮側では核融合路の冷却塔を無くす措置を取ったりした. しかし李明博政府が集権してこのすべてのものが中止された. 私は北朝鮮の核能力がもうもっと先進化されているということが分かる. しかし等しい段階別接近(“step-by-step”) 方法は相変らず実行可能だ.

What is your sense of Kim Jong Un? Is he irrational, as some say? Do you think he would agree to talk?

記者: キム・ジョンウンの真意が何と思うか. 彼は一部人が言うように非理性的か. ではなければ彼が対話に出ることで見るか?

Kim Jong Un is a very irrational and oppressive leader. But the same goes for his predecessors. The regime itself is irrational, and incomprehensible by international standards -- it is a third-generation dictatorship. We face a daunting challenge.

ムン・ゼイン: キム・ジョンウンは非常に非理性的で強圧的なリーダーだ. しかし彼の前任者たちも同じだった. 政権自体が非理性的で国際的基準では理解することができない. 3世代世襲独裁政権だ. 私たちは難しい挑戦に直面している.

You say that you want to negotiate with the regime and make them see reason. But you say the regime is irrational. Isn’t there a contradiction here?

記者: あなたはそんなキム・ジョンウン政権と交渉したいと言って彼らを納得させようとすると言う. しかし同時に政権が非理性的だと言う. 矛盾したところがないか.

Even if Kim is an irrational leader, we have to accept the reality that he rules North Korea. So we have to talk with him. If Kim wants the security of the North Korean system and regime, we have to convince him that nuclear dismantlement actually achieves those goals. The U.S. must make diplomatic efforts with the North, and demand that China apply pressure on North Korea.

ムン・ゼイン: キム・ジョンウンが非理性的なリーダーでも私たちは彼が北朝鮮を統治する現実を受け入れなければならない. だから私たちは彼と対話に出なければならない. キム・ジョンウンが北朝鮮体制と政権の安保を願ったら私たちは核廃棄がそんな目標に符合すると説得しなければならない. アメリカは北朝鮮と外交的努力をしなければならないし, 中国が北朝鮮に圧力をかけるように要求しなければならない.

If you are elected president, would you be willing to go to Pyongyang for a summit? And would you go to Washington to say to Trump: “Talk to the North Koreans”?

記者: もし大統領に当選したら, 首脳会談のために平壌へ行く意向があるか. あるいはワシントンへ行ってトランプ大統領に "北朝鮮人々と話し合いなさい”と注文するのか.

If elected, I will visit Washington shortly after taking office to discuss with President Trump how to get the North to fully dismantle its nuclear weapons program. I am willing to meet Kim Jong Un so long as that helps us resolve the North Korea nuclear issue. But I am not interested in having a meeting for the sake of having a meeting. I will meet him when there is a guarantee that there would be visible results such as freezing or dismantling the nuclear weapons program … We can explore meetings between the U.S. and the North, and between the South and the North in parallel. We can resume dialogue, be they four-way talks or six-party talks. But, if elected President, I will not act unilaterally to have dialogue with the North without prior consultation with the U.S.

ムン・ゼイン: もし当選したらゴッバでアメリカを訪問して北朝鮮が核兵器プログラムを完全に解体する方法を論議するためにトランプ大統領と辞書論議するでしょう. 北朝鮮核問題を解決するのに役に立つことができたらキム・ジョンウン国防委員長に会う容疑がある. しかし単純に見せてくれる式会談は(“a meeting for the sake of having a meeting”) 願わない. 核兵器プログラム凍結や解体などのような可視的な結果が出ることができるという保障があれば会う容疑がある. アメリカと北朝鮮を含んだ出会いまたは南北間の出会いを竝行して推進することができる. 4者になっても 6者になっても対話を再開することもできる. 当選したらアメリカ側と事前協議なしに北朝鮮と一方的に話し合わないだろう.

There is a new president in the White House who is very different from the last president, and who has been saying some aggressive things about North Korea. Do you think you could work with Trump?

記者: ホワイトハウスに新しく来た大統領があって, 北朝鮮に対して攻撃的な発言をして来た大統領がある. あなたはトランプとともに働くことができると思うんですか?

President Trump occasionally makes aggressive pronouncements about the North, but I recall him once saying that he can talk with Kim Jong Un over a hamburger. President Trump is also critical of the previous policy of strategic patience of former U.S. administrations, calling it a failure as it failed to change North Korea. I believe President Trump has a pragmatic view. In that sense, I believe we will be able to share more ideas, talk better, and reach agreements without difficulty.

ムン・ゼイン: トランプはたまに北朝鮮に対して攻撃的な態度を見せるが, 私は彼がキム・ジョンウンと一緒にハンバーガーを食べることができると言ったことがあることを憶える. 大統領トランプも私はアメリカの行政府の戦略的忍耐が何の效果を見られなかったことを指摘した. 私はトランプ大統領が実用主義的見解を持っていると信じる. そんな点で, 私たちはもっと多いアイディアを共有して, より良い対話を交わして, 難しさなしに合意に到逹することができるはずと信じる.

Young people in Korea today do not feel much affinity with the North. They are less in favor of reunification than the older generation. Do you feel that if you don’t get things right, reunification may never happen?

記者: 今日韓国の若者達は北朝鮮とあまり友好的ではない. 彼らは年を取った世代と比べて統一に賛成しない方だ. もしあなたがまともに対応しなければ統一が決して実現しないと感じるか.

It is not that they are less enthusiastic about reunification. Rather, they have more immediate challenges, like finding a job. On top of that, the two [previous] conservative administrations pursued a different strategy. They pursued reunification by absorption, assuming that the North would collapse quickly. Under that scenario, there is a cost issue. Young people are concerned about the cost they might have to shoulder. That’s why they seem less in favor of reunification. The only way to reduce the cost of reunification is to achieve economic reunification first through inter-Korean economic cooperation, then later, ultimately, legal and political reunification.

ムン・ゼイン: 彼らが統一に対してより少なめに熱情的なのではない. 彼らは働き口を求めることなどもう至急な当面課題を持っているだけだ. 過去も補修政権は他の戦略を追い求めて来た. 彼らは北朝鮮が早く崩壊されることを仮定しながら吸収統一を追い求めた. このシナリオでは費用が問題になる. 若い人々は彼らが手におえるか分からない費用を心配するのだ. 彼らが統一に不十分に賛成することと見える理由だ. 統一費用を減らす唯一の方法は南北経済協力を通じて経済統一を法的または政治的統一より先に成すのだ.

So you don’t think North Korea will collapse?

記者: それでは北朝鮮が崩壊しないことで見るか.

The theory of the collapse of North Korea has been there for a long while, but it hasn’t turned out to be true. Even though the North is an irrational regime, I don’t think an early collapse is likely. If it does collapse in the near future, it will send an SOS to China, not to South Korea, and it is very likely that a pro-Chinese regime will take power [in Pyongyang]. That will make reunification more difficult to achieve, even impossible. Even if we can reunite the South and the North, the costs will be unbearable for us -- far greater than those Germany had to bear [following post-Soviet reunification in 1990]. That is not good for Korea. We should take the step-by-step approach of economic cooperation, then economic integration and finally full reunification.

ムン・ゼイン: 北朝鮮の崩壊説は長い間存在して来た. しかし現実にならなかった. 北朝鮮が非理性的な政権ではあるが早期崩壊の起きる可能性は多くないと思う. もし近い内に崩壊されたら, 北朝鮮は韓国ではない中国に SOSを送るはずであり, 北朝鮮内で親中国政権が権力を得る可能性が高い. この場合統一はもっと大変になるでしょう. 甚だしくは不可能かも知れない. 南北韓を統一させることができると言っても深刻な費用を支払うようになるでしょう. ドイツが手におえたことよりもっともっと多い費用だ[1990年 post-Soviet 統一当時]. 韓国に望ましくない. 私たちは経済協力に対する段階別接近法を取らなければならないし, 経済統合, そして窮極的に完全な統一を追い求めなければならないでしょう.

Your father [and mother were] born in what is now North Korea. Does that influence your feelings toward reunification? How important is reunification to you personally?

記者: あなたのお父さん[そしてお母さん]は現北朝鮮で生まれた. 統一に対するあなたの感情に影響を及ぼすか. 個人的に統一がいくら重要な課題か.

The North and South shared one language and one culture for thousands of years before they were divided only 70 years ago. Ultimately, we should reunite the North and the South, [we] are one people. My father fled from the North, hating communism. I myself hate the communist North Korean system. That doesn’t mean I should let the people in the North suffer under an oppressive regime. That is why we should take the path to reunification and pursue a liberal democracy in a united Korea. It has already been proven that a liberal democracy is far superior to the system in the North. South Korea is far more prosperous than the North -- beyond comparison. That’s why I favor engagement with the North.

ムン・ゼイン: 北朝鮮と南韓はわずか 70年前に分断される前に数千年の間一つ言語と文化を共有した. 窮極的に私たちは統一しなければならない. 私たちは一民族だ. お父さんは共産主義を憎悪して北から脱出した. 私も共産主義北朝鮮体制を嫌悪する. しかしそうだとして北朝鮮住民たちが圧制政権下で苦しむようにほったらかしておかなければならないということを意味しない. 私たちが統一のための道を選ばなければならないし統一された韓国で自由デモクラシーを追い求めなければならない理由だ. 自由デモクラシーが北朝鮮体制よりずっと優越だということはもう立証された. 韓国は比べにくい位北朝鮮よりもっと富裕(“prosperous”)する. 北朝鮮と交流を好む理由だ.

What does your mother tell you about the North and her hometown? Are her memories fond?

記者: あなたの母親は北朝鮮と故郷に関して何を言うか. 母親は [北朝鮮と故郷に関して] 良い思い出を持っているか.

My mother is the only one [of her family] who fled to the South. All her relatives were in the North. Her parents passed away and most of her siblings are gone. My mother is 90 years old. Time is ticking. But her younger sister is still in the North. My mother’s last wish is to see her again.

ムン・ゼイン: お母さんは家族一員の中で南に脱出した唯一の家族だ. お母さんのすべての親戚らは北にあった. お母さんのご両親は帰ったし大部分の兄弟姉妹たちも同じだ. お母さんは年歳が 90歳である. 時間が流れている. お母さんの妹さんはまだ北にある. お母さんの最後の願いは弟(妹)にまた会うのだ.

The presidency of South Korea is one of the toughest jobs in the world. Are you tough enough for it?

記者: 韓国の大統領職は世界で一番大変な職業の中で一つだ. 自分がこれを手におえるほど充分に強健(“tough”)すると思うか.

I have government experience. I was a member of the National Security Council. I oversaw the overall preparation for the [2007] Summit between the North and the South and have experience dealing with North Korea. As a lawmaker, I was a member of the National Defense Committee. I am the best-prepared candidate to overcome our current crisis of security, diplomacy and the economy, and to rebuild our nation.

ムン・ゼイン: 私は国政に参加した経験がある. 国防委(NSC)の一員だった. 韓国と北朝鮮の間の [2007年] 会談準備を統べたし北朝鮮を相対した経験を持っています. 国会議員時代私は国防委一員だった. 候補の中で現在安保危機状況を乗り越えるのに一番相応しいと思う.

You’ve said that your favorite English word is “dream.” What is your dream?

記者: 一番好きな英語単語が "dream"と言った事がある. あなたの夢は何か.

To achieve a mature democracy, prosperity, human rights, and peace between the North and the South.

ムン・ゼイン: 成熟したデモクラシー, 国家の繁栄, 人権, そして南北の間の平和を成すのだ.

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